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Design Patterns

Pattern library

24 canonical explainability design patterns organized around the human questions they answer.

Created with the help of AI

24 patterns shown

Act

Actionable Recourse

What can I do to change this outcome?

Turns the factors behind an adverse decision into specific, realistic steps a person can actually take.

Govern

Agent Action Transparency

What actions is the AI agent taking?

Makes an autonomous agent’s actions visible before, during, and after it runs, so oversight stays possible.

Govern

AI Presence Disclosure

Am I interacting with an AI?

Makes AI involvement visible at the moment it matters, from the first message of a chat to a decision letter.

Govern

AI-Generated Content Marking

If this leaves the system, will it still say AI made it?

Marks AI-generated files and text so their origin travels with them, long after they leave the interface.

Understand

Attribution

Why did the system recommend this?

Shows the top factors behind the system’s assessment in plain language, and whether each one helped or hurt it.

Govern

Audit Trail & Logging

What is the complete record of this decision?

Keeps a tamper-evident record of inputs, model versions, and human steps that others can actually read.

Judge

Confidence & Uncertainty

How certain is the system?

Signals how sure the system is about an output, in a form non-technical users can read at a glance.

Govern

Consent & Data Use Transparency

What data is being used and how?

Makes personal data use understandable at the point of decision, so people know what happens to their data and any consent is informed rather than just collected.

Act

Contestability & Appeal

How can I challenge this decision?

Gives people a working route to challenge a decision and get a human review with a documented response.

Understand

Counterfactual Explanation

What would have changed the outcome?

Shows the smallest realistic change that would have produced a different result, making the decision boundary visible.

Understand

Data Provenance & Lineage

Where does this data come from?

Shows where the data behind an AI recommendation or decision came from, how current it is, and whether it fits the case at hand.

Govern

Decision Timeline

What happened and when?

Lays out a decision as a chronology of steps and actors, from application through review to outcome.

Govern

Ethical & Fairness Signals

Is this system fair across groups?

Shows how the system performs across different populations, making bias visible and open to challenge.

Understand

Example-Based Explanation

How did similar cases turn out?

Explains a result by comparing it to cases the user can recognise, building intuition through analogy rather than abstraction.

Understand

Explanation Layering

How much detail do I need?

Structures an explanation in depth layers, so a quick answer comes first and the full basis stays one step away.

Act

Feedback Loops

How can I correct the system?

Gives users a low-friction way to report errors and disagree, and tells them what happened to their input.

Judge

Grounding & Hallucination Indicators

Can I trust what the system generated?

Distinguishes generated claims that rest on retrievable evidence from those the model may have invented.

Act

Human-in-the-Loop

Who reviews this recommendation, and can they override it?

Lets the people who decide review, question and override the system’s recommendation, with every decision on the record.

Understand

Inspection Dialogue

Can I ask the system follow-up questions?

Lets users interrogate a result directly, probing single factors and testing what-ifs in their own words.

Judge

Model Scope & Limits

What can this system reliably do?

States what the system was built and validated for, and flags clearly when a case falls outside that.

Govern

Model Transparency Cards

How was this system built and tested?

Documents a system’s purpose, data, performance, and limits in a form non-engineers can actually use.

Understand

Retrieved Source Attribution

What sources did the system draw from?

Shows the documents the system looked up for an answer and which sentences they support, so people can check claims against the originals.

Understand

Role-Based Explanations

Does this explanation fit who I am and what I can do?

Adapts the depth, language, and available actions of an explanation to who is reading it and what they may do.

Judge

Temporal Stability & Distribution Shift

Is the system still reliable over time?

Signals when a model’s reliability may have drifted since deployment, so trust tracks current performance.